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• a project file for the CodeWarrior IDE
• a batch file
• the command line.
Using the CodeWarrior IDE
To build the example from the CodeWarrior IDE, load the supplied embed project and select
Target=EmbeddedScatter.
This creates:
• an ELF debug image (embed.axf) for loading into a debugger (AXD or armsd)
• a binary ROM image (embed.bin) suitable for downloading into the memory of an ARM Integrator board.
Using the command line
To build the example from the command line, execute build_b.bat or follow these steps:
1. Assemble the initialization code:
armasm -g vectors.s
armasm -g stack.s
armasm -g heap.s
armasm -g init.s
2. Compile the main example and the new retargeting files retarget.c and, optionally, serial.c with the
following commands:
armcc -c -g -O1 main.c -DEMBEDDED
armcc -c -g -O1 retarget.c
armcc -c -g -O1 serial.c -I..\include
where:
-D
Instructs the compiler to define the symbol EMBEDDED.
-I
Instructs the compiler where to find the include files.
The use of serial.c is optional. Keep this line if you want the output to be sent over the serial port of the
Integrator board.
3. Link the image using the following command (all on one line):
armlink vectors.o init.o main.o retarget.o serial.o stack.o heap.o
-scatter scat_b.scf -o embed.axf
-entry 0x0 -info totals -info unused
where:
-entry
This option defines the reset vector as the unique entry point.
-o
This option specifies the output file.
-info totals
This option tells the linker to print information on the code and data sizes of each object file
along with the totals for each type of code or data.
4. Run the fromELF utility to produce a plain binary version of the image:
fromelf embed.axf -bin -o embed.bin
where:
-bin
Specifies a binary output image with no header.
5. Use ARMulator to test the image or download and execute the ROM image to the development board.
• For armsd use:
getfile embed.bin 0x0
readsyms embed.axf
• For AXD select:
File→Load Memory From File and specify embed.bin with load address 0x0.
File→Load Debug Symbols and specify embed.axf.
Writing Code for ROM
Copyright ?1999 2001 ARM Limited 6-14
- ARM® Developer Suite 1
- Version 1.2 1
- Developer Guide 1
- About this book 2
- ARM publications 3
- Other publications 3
- Feedback 4
- 1 Introduction 5
- Introduction 6
- 1.3 Developing for the ARM 7
- 1.3.5 Writing Code for ROM 8
- 2.1.1 ATPCS variants 9
- 2.1.2 ARM C libraries 9
- • Read-only memory 10
- 2.2 Register roles and names 11
- 2.3 The stack 12
- 2.4 Parameter passing 14
- 2.5 Stack limit checking 15
- 2.6.2 Writing code for ROPI 17
- 2.7.1 Reentrant routines 18
- 2.9 Floating-point options 20
- 3 Interworking ARM and Thumb 22
- 3.1 About interworking 22
- Interworking ARM and Thumb 23
- 3.2.3 Example ARM header 24
- Building the example 25
- 3.2.4 ARM architecture v5T 25
- 3.2.5 Labels in Thumb code 26
- C interworking example 27
- 5. Type go to run the code 31
- String copying example 33
- Operand expressions 33
- Physical registers 33
- 4.1.4 Usage 35
- 4.1.5 Examples 36
- Dot product 37
- Long multiplies 37
- • LDRB/STRB for char 39
- • LDR/STR for int 39
- C++ calling conventions 42
- C++ data types 42
- Symbol name mangling 43
- 4.4.3 Examples 43
- Calling C from C++ 44
- Calling C++ from C 45
- Handling Processor Exceptions 48
- • the address of the handler 53
- 5.4 SWI handlers 55
- Nested SWIs in C and C++ 57
- 5.5 Interrupt handlers 61
- • Single-channel DMA transfer 63
- • Dual-channel DMA transfer 63
- • Interrupt prioritization 63
- • Context switch 63
- Interrupt prioritization 64
- Context switch 65
- 5.6 Reset handlers 67
- 5.8 Prefetch Abort handler 69
- 5.9 Data Abort handler 70
- • A single extended handler 71
- • Several chained handlers 71
- Handling the exception 72
- 5.11.2 The return address 72
- FIQ and IRQ handlers 73
- Prefetch Abort handlers 73
- Data Abort handlers 73
- 5.12 System mode 75
- 6 Writing Code for ROM 76
- 6.2.1 ROM at 0x0 77
- 6.2.2 RAM at 0x0 77
- Implementing RAM at 0x0 77
- System decoder 78
- 6.3 Initializing the system 79
- 6.4.1 Memory map 81
- 6.4.2 Sample code 82
- • five execution regions: 83
- 6.5.3 Sample code 84
- 6.5.4 Building the example 88
- Using the CodeWarrior IDE 89
- Using the command line 89
- 6.6.1 Memory map 90
- 6.6.3 Initialization code 91
- 6.6.4 Building the example 91
- 6.7.1 Memory map 93
- 6.7.2 Building the example 93
- 6.7.3 Sample code 93
- 6.8.1 Memory map 97
- 6.8.2 Building the example 97
- 6.8.4 Sample code 98
- 6.9.2 Using unions 100
- Using an array of shorts 100
- Using a struct 100
- 6.9.4 Using scatter loading 101
- 6.9.5 Code efficiency 102
- 6.10 Troubleshooting 103
- Writing Code for ROM 104
- Code (or read-only) segments 105
- Data (or read-write) segments 105
- Debug data 105
- 7.1.1 About caches 106
- ARMulator Pagetable model 106
- 7.1.4 Cache performance 107
- 7.3 Memory protection units 109
- 7.4 Configuring a PU 110
- 7.5 Memory management units 113
- 7.6 Configuring an MMU 115
- 7.7 Tightly coupled memory 117
- 7.7.3 ARM966E-S warm reset 118
- Debug Communications Channel 120
- 8.4 Target transfer of data 123
- • Using armsd 125
- • Using AXD 125
- Issuing commands 126
- Using AXD 126
- 8.7 Access from Thumb state 129
- 8.8 Semihosting 130
- Glossary 131
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